Understanding vcmp

VCMP Packets

VCMP enables switches of different roles to exchange VCMP packets to implement centralized VLAN management. VCMP packets can be only transmitted in VLAN 1 on trunk or hybrid interfaces. To retain the same VLAN information on the VCMP server and clients, VCMP defines three types of multicast packets: Summary-Advert, Subset-Advert, and Advert-Request. describes the functions and triggering scenarios of the three types of packets.

Table 1-2 VCMP packets

Packet Type	Function	Applicable Scenario	Sent By
Summary-Advert	The VCMP server sends Summary-Advert packets to other devices in the local VCMP domain to notify them of the domain name, device ID, configuration revision number, and VLAN information.	The VCMP server sends a Summary-Advert packet every 5 minutes to ensure real-time synchronization of VLAN information on the VCMP server and clients and prevent VLAN information loss due to packet loss. The VCMP server configuration is changed. For example, VLANs are created or deleted, the VCMP domain name or device ID is changed, the authentication password is changed, and the VCMP server restarts. The VCMP server receives Advert-Request packets from VCMP clients in the same VCMP domain.	Server
Subset-Advert	The VCMP server sends Subset-Advert packets to other devices in the VCMP domain to notify them of the non-default VLAN names or descriptions.	Non-default VLAN names or descriptions are configured on the VCMP server, and either of the following conditions is met: The VCMP server configuration changes, including creating VLANs, deleting VLANs, and changing the VLAN name, VLAN description, VCMP domain name, device ID, or authentication password. The VCMP server receives Advert-Request packets from VCMP clients in the same VCMP domain. The VCMP server sends a Subset-Advert packet to ensure real-time synchronization of VLAN information on the VCMP server and clients and prevent VLAN information loss due to packet loss.	Server
Advert-Request	A VCMP client sends Advert-Request packets to the VCMP server to request VLAN information.	A VCMP client is added. A VCMP client restarts or a client interface becomes Up.	Client

vcmp disable

Function

The vcmp disable command disables VCMP
on an interface.

The undo vcmp disable command
enables VCMP on an interface.

By default, VCMP is enabled on
all interfaces of a switch.

Views

GE interface
view, XGE interface view, 40GE interface view, 100GE interface view, Eth-Trunk
interface view, port group view

Usage Guidelines

Usage Scenario

By default, VCMP is enabled on all interfaces of a switch.
If an edge switch in a VCMP domain requires VCMP management but its
peer end does not require VCMP management, run the vcmp disable command on the edge switch Layer 2 interface connected to the peer
end to disable VCMP. The peer end then does not receive VCMP packets.

Prerequisites

The interface connected
to the peer end has been configured as a Layer 2 interface using the command.

Example

# Disable VCMP on GE1/0/1.

<HUAWEI> system-view

 interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

[HUAWEI-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] vcmp disable

Сюжет

Сюжет в данной игрушке развивается нелинейно и зависит от тех действий, которые будет предпринимать персонаж под вашим управлением. Помимо основной сюжетной линии, вас ожидают десятки дополнительных заданий и полная свобода действий вашего героя. Вариантов прохождения игры множество, и все они абсолютно не похожи друг на друга. Кстати, вы можете выбрать не только преступную стезю в качестве наркоторговца, гангстера, сутенера и прочих нелицеприятных персонажей, и постараться жить честно, став, например, полицейским, пожарным или водителем кареты Скорой помощи. Это более почетный труд, но не менее опасный, чем в преступной среде. В любом случае выбор остается за вами, и вы сами выбираете путь героя, а заодно и определяете тем самым дальнейшее развитие сюжета. Для выполнения заданий у вашего персонажа будет огромный выбор как транспорта, так и оружия. Если вы заинтересованы, то спешите GTA: Vice City скачать через торрент.

VCMP Implementation

VLAN Synchronization When the VCMP Server Configuration Changes

When the VCMP server configuration changes, for example, creating and deleting VLANs, changing the VLAN name, VLAN description, VCMP domain name, or device ID, or restarting the VCMP server, the VCMP server sends a Summary-Advert packet and a Subset-Advert packet to instruct VCMP clients in the local VCMP domain to synchronize VLAN information.

VLAN Information Synchronization When a VCMP Client Is Added

To ensure VLAN information synchronization between the VCMP server and clients, the VCMP server sends a Summary-Advert packet every 5 minutes to notify switches in the local VCMP domain of the domain name, device ID, and configuration revision number. The VCMP server also sends a Subset-Advert packet to notify switches of the VLAN names and descriptions that change. When a VCMP client is added or a VCMP client restarts, the VCMP client sends an Advert-Request packet to the VCMP server to request VLAN information on the VCMP server.

Multi-Server Trap

Only one VCMP server exists in a VCMP domain. To prevent attacks of bogus VCMP servers, the VCMP server matches the VCMP domain name, device ID, and source MAC address in the received Summary-Advert packets with local ones. If the VCMP domain name and device ID match local ones but the source MAC address in the packet is different from the system MAC address, the VCMP server sends a trap about the multi-server event to the NMS.

To prevent the VCMP server from being affected by too many traps, the VCMP server sends traps to the NMS once every 30 minutes.

VCMP Authentication

When an unauthorized switch joins a VCMP domain, VLAN information on the switch may be synchronized in the VCMP domain, affecting network stability. To prevent unauthorized switches from joining a VCMP domain and enhance VCMP domain security, configure a VCMP domain authentication password on the VCMP server and clients.

If the VCMP domain authentication password is configured on the VCMP server or a VCMP client, the VCMP server or VCMP client uses the password character string (empty character string is used by default) as the key and performs SHA-256 for the VCMP domain name and device ID to obtain a digest. The digest is sent in a Summary-Advert, a Subset-Advert, or an Advert-Request packet. When each VCMP client in the VCMP domain receives a Summary-Advert packet or a Subset-Advert packet from the VCMP server, the VCMP client uses the locally configured password to perform SHA-256 for the VCMP domain name, device ID, and configuration revision number, and compares the calculated digest with the digest in the Summary-Advert or Subset-Advert packet. If the calculated digest matches the digest in the Summary-Advert or Subset-Advert packet, the Summary-Advert or Subset-Advert packet passes authentication and further VCMP processing is performed. Otherwise, the Summary-Advert or Subset-Advert packet is discarded. When the VCMP server receives an Advert-Request packet from a VCMP client, authentication and processing are similar.

If no domain authentication password is set, VCMP packets pass without authentication.

Monday, December 7, 2009

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display snmp-agent trap feature-name vcmp all

Usage Guidelines

Usage Scenario

After the trap function of
a specified feature is enabled, you can run the display snmp-agent
trap feature-name vcmp all command to check the status of
all traps of VCMP. You can use the command to enable the
trap function of VCMP.

Prerequisites

SNMP has been
enabled. See .

Example

# Display all trap functions of the VCMP module.

<HUAWEI>display snmp-agent trap feature-name vcmp all

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feature name: VCMP
Trap number : 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trap name                       Default switch status   Current switch status
hwVcmpServerMacConflict         on                      on
hwVcmpRevisionConflict          on                      on

Table 5-74  Description of the display snmp-agent trap feature-name
vcmp all command output

Item	Description
Feature name	Name of the module to which a trap message belongs.
Trap number	Number of trap messages.
Trap name	Name of a trap message of the VCMP module: hwVcmpRevisionConflict: A Huawei proprietary trap when the server in a VCMP domain receives a VCMP packet with a higher revision number. hwVcmpServerMacConflict: A Huawei proprietary trap when multiple servers coexist in the same VCMP domain.
Default switch status	Status of the default trap function: on: The trap function is enabled. off: The trap function is disabled.
Current switch status	Status of the current trap function: on: The trap function is enabled. off: The trap function is disabled. To specify the parameter, run the command.

Application Scenarios

On a small-scale enterprise network, the network administrator can log in to each switch to configure and maintain VLANs. On a large-scale enterprise network, a lot of switches are deployed, so a large amount of VLAN information needs to be configured and maintained. If the network administrator manually configures and maintains all VLANs, the workload is heavy and VLAN information may be inconsistent.

VCMP is used to implement centralized VLAN management. The network administrator simply needs to configure and maintain VLANs (for example, creating and deleting VLANs) on one switch. Then the changes will be automatically synchronized to all the switches in the specified domain without manual intervention. In this way, the configuration workload is reduced and VLAN information consistency is ensured.

Friday, June 20, 2008

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Главный герой

Главным героем является, в общем-то, неплохой парень по имени Томми Верчетти. Ему предстоит пройти долгий путь от обычного вышибалы в захудалой кафешке до влиятельного в криминальных кругах человека. Путь этот будет очень тернистый и небезопасный, тем более что в первой же крупной сделке он потеряет все, что имел на тот момент. Но теперь надо выходить из этого положения и выживать во что бы то ни стало. Порою нашему персонажу кажется, что весь город восстал против него и пытается его уничтожить. Выход только один – стать одним и них, то есть криминальным авторитетом, и подмять постепенно под себя весь город. Чтобы узнать, способны вы на это или нет, стоит скачать GTA: Vice City через торрент.

Сюжет

Сюжет в данной игрушке развивается нелинейно и зависит от тех действий, которые будет предпринимать персонаж под вашим управлением. Помимо основной сюжетной линии, вас ожидают десятки дополнительных заданий и полная свобода действий вашего героя. Вариантов прохождения игры множество, и все они абсолютно не похожи друг на друга. Кстати, вы можете выбрать не только преступную стезю в качестве наркоторговца, гангстера, сутенера и прочих нелицеприятных персонажей, и постараться жить честно, став, например, полицейским, пожарным или водителем кареты Скорой помощи. Это более почетный труд, но не менее опасный, чем в преступной среде. В любом случае выбор остается за вами, и вы сами выбираете путь героя, а заодно и определяете тем самым дальнейшее развитие сюжета. Для выполнения заданий у вашего персонажа будет огромный выбор как транспорта, так и оружия. Если вы заинтересованы, то спешите GTA: Vice City скачать через торрент.

Особенности GTA: Vice City

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snmp-agent trap enable feature-name vcmp

Function

The snmp-agent trap enable feature-name vcmp command enables the trap function for the VCMP module.

The undo snmp-agent trap enable feature-name vcmp command disables
the trap function for the VCMP module.

By default, the trap
function is enabled for the VCMP module.

Parameters

Parameter	Description	Value
trap-name	Enables or disables the trap function for the specified event.	—
hwvcmprevisionconflict	Sends a Huawei proprietary trap when the server in a VCMP domain receives a VCMP packet with a higher revision number.	—
hwvcmpservermacconflict	Sends a Huawei proprietary trap when multiple servers coexist in the same VCMP domain.	—

Usage Guidelines

When the trap function is enabled, the device generates
traps during running and sends traps to the NMS through SNMP. When
the trap function is not enabled, the device does not generate traps
and the SNMP module does not send traps to the NMS.

You can
specify trap-name to enable the trap function
for one or more events.

Example

# Enable the device to send a Huawei proprietary trap
when the server in a VCMP domain receives a VCMP packet with a higher
revision number.

<HUAWEI> system-view

 snmp-agent trap enable feature-name vcmp trap-name hwvcmprevisionconflict

VCMP Implementation

VLAN Synchronization When the VCMP Server Configuration Changes

When the VCMP server configuration changes, for example, creating and deleting VLANs, changing the VLAN name, VLAN description, VCMP domain name, or device ID, or restarting the VCMP server, the VCMP server sends a Summary-Advert packet and a Subset-Advert packet to instruct VCMP clients in the local VCMP domain to synchronize VLAN information.

VLAN Information Synchronization When a VCMP Client Is Added

To ensure VLAN information synchronization between the VCMP server and clients, the VCMP server sends a Summary-Advert packet every 5 minutes to notify switches in the local VCMP domain of the domain name, device ID, and configuration revision number. The VCMP server also sends a Subset-Advert packet to notify switches of the VLAN names and descriptions that change. When a VCMP client is added or a VCMP client restarts, the VCMP client sends an Advert-Request packet to the VCMP server to request VLAN information on the VCMP server.

Multi-Server Trap

Only one VCMP server exists in a VCMP domain. To prevent attacks of bogus VCMP servers, the VCMP server matches the VCMP domain name, device ID, and source MAC address in the received Summary-Advert packets with local ones. If the VCMP domain name and device ID match local ones but the source MAC address in the packet is different from the system MAC address, the VCMP server sends a trap about the multi-server event to the NMS.

To prevent the VCMP server from being affected by too many traps, the VCMP server sends traps to the NMS once every 30 minutes.

VCMP Authentication

When an unauthorized switch joins a VCMP domain, VLAN information on the switch may be synchronized in the VCMP domain, affecting network stability. To prevent unauthorized switches from joining a VCMP domain and enhance VCMP domain security, configure a VCMP domain authentication password on the VCMP server and clients.

If the VCMP domain authentication password is configured on the VCMP server or a VCMP client, the VCMP server or VCMP client uses the password character string (empty character string is used by default) as the key and performs SHA-256 for the VCMP domain name and device ID to obtain a digest. The digest is sent in a Summary-Advert, a Subset-Advert, or an Advert-Request packet. When each VCMP client in the VCMP domain receives a Summary-Advert packet or a Subset-Advert packet from the VCMP server, the VCMP client uses the locally configured password to perform SHA-256 for the VCMP domain name, device ID, and configuration revision number, and compares the calculated digest with the digest in the Summary-Advert or Subset-Advert packet. If the calculated digest matches the digest in the Summary-Advert or Subset-Advert packet, the Summary-Advert or Subset-Advert packet passes authentication and further VCMP processing is performed. Otherwise, the Summary-Advert or Subset-Advert packet is discarded. When the VCMP server receives an Advert-Request packet from a VCMP client, authentication and processing are similar.

If no domain authentication password is set, VCMP packets pass without authentication.

VCMP

Поддержка версий

Табл. 4-16  Продукты и версии, поддерживающие VCMP

Продукт	Модель продукта	Версия ПО
S12700	S12708, S12712	V200R005C00, V200R006C00, V200R007C00, V200R007C20, V200R008C00, V200R009C00, V200R010C00, V200R011C10, V200R012C00
S12710	V200R010C00, V200R011C10, V200R012C00
S12704	V200R008C00, V200R009C00, V200R010C00, V200R011C10, V200R012C00

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ: Подробная информация о сопоставлениях программного обеспечения см. Hardware Query Tool.

Характеристики зависимости и ограничения

• Интерфейсы XGE, подключенные к платам ACU2, ET1D2IPS0S00, ET1D2FW00S00, ET1D2FW00S01 или ET1D2FW00S02, не поддерживают VCMP.

• Функция VCMP может помочь сетевому администратору синхронизировать информацию VLAN, но она не используется для динамического назначения VLAN. VCMP часто используется с LNP для упрощения пользовательских конфигураций. Для получения подробной информации о LNP см. пункт «LNP» раздела «Конфигурирование VLAN» в Руководстве по конфигурированию — Ethernet-коммутация соответствующей версии продукта.

• Пакеты VCMP передаются только в VLAN 1. По умолчанию все интерфейсы включены в VLAN 1. Для предотвращения образования петель вместе с VCMP нужно реализовать протокол предотвращения образования петель, например, STP.

• По умолчанию коммутатор является клиентом VCMP.

• VCMP синхронизирует только идентификатор VLAN в текущей версии.

• Один коммутатор может присоединиться только к одному домену VCMP, и только один VCMP-сервер существует в домене VCMP.

• Если установлен пароль аутентификации домена VCMP, убедитесь, что сервер VCMP и клиенты используют один и тот же пароль аутентификации домена VCMP.

• Если сети VLAN, созданные или удаленные с сервера VCMP, являются управляющими VLAN Ethernet-коммутатора защиты кольцевой сети (ERPS), протокола защитного переключения в кольцевых сетях (RRPP), протокола интеллектуального Ethernet (SEP), Smart link или зарезервированных VLAN стека, клиент VCMP не создает и не удаляет сети VLAN.

• Если включен общий протокол регистрации VLAN (GVRP) VCMP может выполнять роль только «прозрачного» или «тихого» коммутатора. Если роль VCMP установлена для клиента или сервера, не используйте GVRP.

• Невозможно сконфигурировать субинтерфейсы терминирования на клиенте VCMP. Подробная информация о том, как настроить субинтерфейс терминирования, см. в разделе «Конфигурирование субинтерфейса» в «Конфигурирование логического интерфейса» в Руководстве по конфигурированию — Управление интерфейсомсоответствующей версии продукта.

• На клиенте VCMP нельзя настроить функцию коммутатора VLAN. Перед тем, как поменять VCMP-сервер, на котором сконфигурирована функция коммутатора VLAN, на клиент VCMP, удалите конфигурацию коммутатора VLAN.

• После удаления VLAN на сервере VCMP клиенты VCMP удаляют VLAN, но не удаляют конфигурации в VLAN. Также генерируется команда vlan vlan-idconfiguration в конфигурационном файле, и настройки удаленной VLAN, заданные командой vlan-id, перемеходят в режим конфигурации VLAN.
• Когда устройство, используемое в качестве клиента VCMP, которое подключается к серверу VCMP, перезапускается, вступает в силу конфигурация VLAN, выполненная до перезапуска. Чтобы сохраненная конфигурация VLAN вступила в силу, воспользуйтесь одним из следующих методов для удаления файла vlan.dat, затем выполните перезапуск устройства:
  • Выполните команду vcmp role { server | silent | transparent } для изменения роли устройства на non-client.
  • Выполните команду startup saved-configuration configuration-file, чтобы создать новый конфигурационный файл. Убедитесь, что имя нового конфигурационного файла отличается от имени текущего конфигурационного файла.
  • Выполните команду reset saved-configuration для очистки сохраненного конфигурационного файла. Эта команда сбрасывает всю конфигурационную информацию.

  ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ:

  Если в отчете о выполнении команды Server ID in the display vcmp status содержится информация (т.е. он не пустй), это означает, что устройство-клиент VCMP подключено к серверу VCMP.

vcmp domain

Function

The vcmp domain command configures a VCMP domain.

The undo vcmp domain command deletes a VCMP domain.

By default, no VCMP domain is created.

Parameters

Parameter	Description	Value
domain-name	Specifies the name of a VCMP domain.	The value is a string of 1 to 31 case-sensitive characters without spaces.When double quotation marks are used around the string, spaces are allowed in the string.

Usage Guidelines

Usage Scenario

VLANs created and
deleted on the VCMP server are synchronized to VCMP clients in the
local VCMP domain by sending VCMP packets.

A VCMP domain specifies the scope for managed switches. All VCMP clients are managed by the VCMP server. You can run the vcmp domain command to
configure a VCMP domain.

Precautions

All switches in a VCMP domain must use the same domain name either through manual configuration or automatic learning. If the domain name is not set on a VCMP client, the VCMP client learns the
domain name in the first received VCMP packet.

Each switch can be added to only one VCMP domain. Switches in different VCMP domains cannot synchronize VLAN information.

vcmp device-id

Function

The vcmp device-id command sets the device ID of the VCMP server.

The undo vcmp device-id command deletes the device ID of the VCMP server.

By default, no device ID is set for the VCMP server.

Parameters

Parameter	Description	Value
device-name	Specifies a device ID.	The value is a string of 1 to 31 case-sensitive characters without spaces.When double quotation marks are used around the string, spaces are allowed in the string.

Usage Guidelines

Usage Scenario

A device ID identifies the VCMP server so that other roles in a VCMP domain can identify the VCMP server.

Precautions

The device ID can be set only for the VCMP server.

display vcmp status

Function

The display vcmp status command displays
the VCMP configuration, including the VCMP domain name, VCMP role,
device ID, configuration revision number, and VCMP domain authentication
password.

Example

# Display the VCMP configuration.

<HUAWEI> display vcmp status

VCMP information:
Domain                  : VLAN
Role                    : Server
Server ID               : VLAN
Configuration Revision  : 0x846a0000
Password                : ******

Table 5-77  Description of the display vcmp status command output

Item	Description
VCMP information	VCMP information.
Domain	VCMP domain name. To change the VCMP domain name, run the command.
Role	VCMP role of the switch in the VCMP domain. To change the VCMP role, run the command.
Server ID	ID of the switch functioning as the VCMP server. To change the device ID, run the command.
Configuration Revision	Configuration revision number.
Password	VCMP domain authentication password. To change the authentication password, run the command. If no authentication password is configured, this parameter is left empty.

vcmp authentication

Function

The vcmp authentication command sets
a VCMP domain authentication password.

The undo vcmp
authentication command deletes the VCMP domain authentication
password.

By default, no VCMP domain authentication password
is set and VCMP packets pass without authentication.

Parameters

Parameter	Description	Value
password password	Specifies a VCMP domain authentication password.	The value a string of case-sensitive characters, spaces not supported. Passwords are saved in ciphertext in the configuration file. Either of the following passwords can be set: A simple text password is a string of 1 to 8 characters. A ciphertext password is a string of 48 characters. When double quotation marks are used around the string, spaces are allowed in the string. NOTE: A 32-character ciphertext password configured in an earlier version is also supported in this version.

Usage Guidelines

Usage Scenario

To enhance security for a
VCMP domain, you can run the vcmp authentication command to set a VCMP domain authentication password on each switch
for authenticating packets exchanged between the switches in the VCMP
domain.

Precautions

All switches in a VCMP domain
must use the same VCMP domain authentication password.

Example

# Set the VCMP domain authentication password to huawei.

<HUAWEI> system-view

 vcmp authentication sha2-256 password huawei

vcmp role

Function

The vcmp role command configures a
role for a switch in a VCMP domain.

The undo vcmp role command restores the default role of a switch in a VCMP domain.

By default, switches in a VCMP domain are VCMP clients.

Parameters

Parameter	Description	Value
client	Indicates the client role in a VCMP domain. As a managed role, a VCMP client synchronizes VLAN information with the VCMP server. After the VCMP server is specified on a Layer 2 network, VCMP clients in the same domain learn VLAN information in VCMP packets from the VCMP server and synchronize the VLAN information. You can create and delete VLAN information on VCMP clients. Local VLAN information on VCMP clients, however, are overwritten by VLAN information synchronized from the VCMP server. NOTE: A VCMP client cannot be configured with the VLAN switching function. Before changing a VCMP server configured with the VLAN switching function to a VCMP client, delete the VLAN switching configuration.	—
server	Indicates the server role in a VCMP domain. You can create and delete VLAN information on the VCMP server. The VCMP server synchronizes VLAN information to other switches in the local VCMP domain by sending VCMP packets.	—
silent	Indicates the silent role in a VCMP domain. Deployed at the edge of a VCMP domain, a VCMP silent switch prevents VCMP packets in a VCMP domain from being transmitted to other VCMP domains, saving unnecessary costs of devices in other VCMP domains. A VCMP silent switch directly discards received VCMP packets.	—
transparent	Indicates the transparent role in a VCMP domain. A VCMP transparent switch does not affect other switches in the local VCMP domain and is not affected by VCMP management behaviors such as VLAN creation and deletion. The VCMP transparent switch transparently forwards VCMP packets. Only trunk or hybrid interfaces in VLAN 1 can receive and forward VCMP packets. VLANs created and deleted on a VCMP transparent switch are not synchronized to other switches.	—

Usage Guidelines

Usage Scenario

VLANs created and
deleted on the VCMP server are synchronized to VCMP clients in the
local VCMP domain by sending VCMP packets.

You can run the vcmp role command to set roles of switches in a VCMP
domain.

Precautions

If a switch is upgraded from a version that does not support VCMP to a VCMP-supporting version, the VCMP role is silent by default.

Example

# Configure a switch as the VCMP server in a VCMP domain.

<HUAWEI> system-view

 vcmp role server
Warning: Change the VCMP role from client to server.Continue? [Y/N]:y 

Application Scenarios

On a small-scale enterprise network, the network administrator can log in to each switch to configure and maintain VLANs. On a large-scale enterprise network, a lot of switches are deployed, so a large amount of VLAN information needs to be configured and maintained. If the network administrator manually configures and maintains all VLANs, the workload is heavy and VLAN information may be inconsistent.

VCMP is used to implement centralized VLAN management. The network administrator simply needs to configure and maintain VLANs (for example, creating and deleting VLANs) on one switch. Then the changes will be automatically synchronized to all the switches in the specified domain without manual intervention. In this way, the configuration workload is reduced and VLAN information consistency is ensured.

Application Scenarios

On a small-scale enterprise network, the network administrator can log in to each switch to configure and maintain VLANs. On a large-scale enterprise network, a lot of switches are deployed, so a large amount of VLAN information needs to be configured and maintained. If the network administrator manually configures and maintains all VLANs, the workload is heavy and VLAN information may be inconsistent.

VCMP is used to implement centralized VLAN management. The network administrator simply needs to configure and maintain VLANs (for example, creating and deleting VLANs) on one switch. Then the changes will be automatically synchronized to all the switches in the specified domain without manual intervention. In this way, the configuration workload is reduced and VLAN information consistency is ensured.